TERRORISM ETHNIC, DOMESTIC& FOREIGN

HI FRIENDS,THIS IS THE PAPER I SUBMITTED FOR INTERNATIONAL CONFERNCE OF PHILOSPHY.
INTRODUCTION:
When writing about terrorism in the middle of 1970’s the political historian walter lacquer threw upon his hands: he thought that providing a comprehensive Definition was virtually impossible because of great variety of circumstances in which this type of violence has appeared and the numerous and competing political causes whose advocates had used it.
One of the difficulties is that terrorism is hardly a ‘value–neutral’ term. Few groups, organizations (or) states these days are willing to accept the label. They typically respond to an attempt at such labelling by denial and by making what amounts to counter accusation.
Another problem derives from the statement that,
“One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter”
The point is that choosing the label ‘terrorist’ or freedom fighter depends on the point of view, the political sympathies of the observer.
When we say terrorism today it is likely associated with the activities of private groups like Alqaeda and its affiliates, Jemmah Islamiyah (Indonesia), Sendera Luminoso (Peru), people’s revolutionary armed forces (Colombia) & Lakshar.
TYPES OF TERRORISTS ORGANIZATIONS:
Terrorism can be defined as the deliberate and creations exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in pursuit of political change.
Many western nations has its own definition of terrorism. For ex: German federal republic defines terrorism as an enduringly conducted struggle for political goals. Which are intended to be achieved by means of assaults on the life & property of other persons, especially by means of severe crimes U.S. defines it as premeditated politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets of sub-national groups (or) clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. Terrorism Goals may be Revolution (Ex: Italian red brigades, west Germany’s Red army faction & Japanese United red army) or Nationalist (Ex: Khalistan Movement, Spain’s E.T.A. (Basque homeland sliterty), Irish republican army Edetach Northern Ireland from Britain. Terrorism is also caused as reaction (Ex: restore racial systems of racial supremacy Slogan by org such as Klu Klux Khan. In Northern Ireland loyalist paramilitary organization have repeatedly carried out terrorist attacks with the goal of maintaining region’s link with U.K. Groups claiming inspiration from religious ideas always play an leading role in terrorist drams around the world. Some terrorist organizations claim to act on behalf of some broad political goal (or) set of goals. The legally protected ability of women to obtain abortions performed by licensed physicians, in U.S. has caused backlash a ‘right to life’ movement has emerged which is committed to ending this practice.
ETHNIC TERRORISM:- WORLD SCENARIO :
Ethnicity as a term denotes the concept of race. Ethnicity as a term came to include various types of identity like culture, religion (or) region also. Some scholars contend that communal mobilization will also come under ethnicity.
In practical sense of the term we can include various movements like caste, regional (or) cultural movements as ethnic movements. Ethnicity has always been an major factor in politics. This factor is not limited to third world societies. Even the western world has witnessed ethnic movements. After the end of cold war, ethnic politics has gained central stage at the global level.
The ethnic minority within states like tamilans in Srilanka as well as ethnic groups like Kurds challenge the authority of state.
Ethnic nationalism today is the strongest challenge to national integrity. Ethnic movements develops transnational linkages. According to him the world has became more dangerous place because of the size of such movements.
Indian Scenario :
India has been one of the worst suffers of ethnic politics. India has to pay the price in the form of its partition. The troubles of India did not stop with creation of Pak. Indian state had to face numerous ethnic challenges and some of them are still existing & new movements are emerging. In India, several cultural markers like language, race, tribe, caste, religion & region serve as identity actors for ethnic groups. Indian ethnic groups represent multi – layered & multi – dimensional identity. Indian ethnic groups keep on reshuffling their cultural markers according to the need of their objectives.
Religious:
In India muslims are the largest religious minorities. Among other religious groups are the Sikhs, Christians, Buddhist, Jains, Parsis & Jews. Hindus are the religious majority. However, hindus themselves are divided on various lines in terms of thousands of caste, sub-caste (or) religious sects. India represents the composite culture. India followed the policy of national integration thus India allows the existence of various religious (or) linguistic minorities. It also gives special rights to minorities to conserve their culture.
MAJOR ETHNIC MOVEMENTS IN INDIA:
One of the earliest movement was the movement of Nagas in North east, Nagas did not accept the Sovergnity of Indian nation status. They have boycotted the fist general election and decided to set up their own Soverign state in excile (Federal republic of Nagaland). Naga movement was primarily led by NSCN. Today NSCN (ISSAC MUVIAH) has emerged as the most powerful groups as there are other groups such as NSCN (K) & NSCN (HOJO).
NSCN provided ideological leadership as well as training to other terrorist groups in North – East. The prominent resurgent group in Nort-East are ULFA, NDFB, UPDS namely United people democratic solidarity, United liberation Front of Assam, National democratic front of Bodoland & DAO (G) Dima Halan Daogah (Garlosa). Different ethnic groups exist in this area. The nature of ethnic movements ranged from movement for greater autonomy to that of separation from India. In Assam, the movement against foreigners is becoming, volatile. The primary reason associated with most ethnic groups is separation from Indian mainland geographically as only a narrow corridor joins with the mainland. The difficult topographic features hamper the steady development of the areas. The rise of Muslim fundamentalism in Bangladesh & emergence of trans – national linkages b/w tribal association in North – East with other terrorist groups in Bangladesh.
CASE – STUDY OF J & K :
Jammu & Kashmir is the only Indian state with muslim majority. J & K is very important for secular character of India. It is one of the biggest challenge for Jinnah’s two-nation theory. The origin of problem goes back to 1947. Later on the way the centre has dealt with the aspiration of people of Kashmir has created problems. Kashmir is an place where still street wars happen with stone-throwing mobs fighting troops but there is difference in the situation in areas such as Jammu and Ladakh as it is contains Hindu & Buddist population respectively.
Another issue in India is the organization of states on linguistic basis which provides framework for expanded political participation. Problem of ethnic management shows that whenever centre imposes an outcome on a group (or) region problems tend to became worse. Separatist tendency can be better held by dialogue & accommodation.
DEMESTIC TERRORISM:
Domestic terrorism is the use of violence by nationals of a particular state, within the territorial limit of the state, with the aim of changing the political (or) social order of that state.
Ex: Naxalites in India and economic backwardness are the main causes of domestic terrorism. They include in hijacking, kidnapping, shooting, arson etc., Naxalite (or) Naksalvadis from the village of Naxalbari in the Indian state of West Bengal is where the movement originated. Naxalites are group of left radical communists, supportive of Maoism political sentiment sidedly. Their origin can be traced to the split in 1967 of Communist party India (Marxist), leading to formation of communist party India (Marxist – Leninist). Today Naxalites have formed red corridor containing many states. Communist party of India (Maoist) lead the Naxalite – Maoist insurgency. Naxalites are active across 200 districts in the country. Red corridor is estimated to be 92/000 Sq. Km with 20,000 armed cadre naxalites P.M.ManmohanSingh declared Naxalism as the most common threat to India’s National Security.
The inequality propogated by liberalisation & globalization also proved an advantage to the naxal organizations for recruiting more member.
The fact is that terrorism of every type and of every origin must be stamped out of its origin and stopped in its tracks. Terrorism has become endemic in India since 1980.
Naxalite war constitutes an asymmetric war that demands unconvential wisdom and responses. Corruption at different levels of govn, insensitivity of political class, common instances of high handedness and harassment that many poor people face at the hands of people set the stage. SIMI, Indian Muhajideen Religious cause can also be included.

Domestic Terrorism – World view:
The concept of terrorism may itself be controversial as it is often used by state authorities to delegitmize political (or) other opponents and potentially legitimize the state’s own use of armed force against opponents. (Such use of force may be described as terror by opposition). Violent Non-state action is another term used for terrorism. Terrorism has been practiced by a group of political organizations for furthering their objectives. It has been practiced by both right & left wing parties nationalistic groups, religious groups & revolutionaries & ruling governments. One form is the use of violence against noncombatants for publicity. Economic development, education & religion are the main causes of domestic terrorism in Iraq & Afghanistan apart from political freedom. It also occurs due to the flights between two groups and due to civil war like situation. Ex : ‘Lord’ resistance army (Uganda).
FOREIGN TERROISM:
Terrorist group that does not originate in the home country but from some other territory are designated as foreign terrorists. Afghanistan & Iraq are the places where there are many foreign terrorists. For U.S., foreign terrorist groups which are banned are Abunidal, Abu Siyyaf, Al-Aqusa Martyrs brigade, HAMAS, Palestinian Liberation Front extra, Palestine movements terrorist activities & LTTE’s suicide bombing have been widely copied by other terrorist groups. Harakat – VL. Mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Lashkar-e-Toiba are foreign terrorist organizations operating in Kashmir.


CONCLUSION:
We should not forget that along with this types of terrorism there is state sponsored terrorism where various countries have used terrorist organizations to promote state interest in international domain. The patron state provides its beneficiary terrorist organization with political support, financial assistance and the sponsorship necessary to maintain & expand its struggle. State-sponsored terrorism should be ended by Mutual talks between countries. Increasing security apparatus, vigilant citizens, reducing economic inequality, Justice, Maintaining peace are the ways by which we can reduce terrorism. Promoting the values of humanity and brotherhood helps in tackling terrorism. Terrorists have also used the technology growth to their advantage thereby throwing new challenges to the security establishment. Philosophy of humanity as one should be spread. In the modern world, was between nations on one side and fragmented terrorist groups without marked territories on other side. This needs three pronged strategy of addressing economic inequality, reducing religious differences & fighting armed groups not willing to come to table for peaceful talks.

Dr. R.BALAMURUGAN, M.B.B.S., D.H.A.,